忍者刘米米

7. Functions

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Defining and Calling Functions

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func greet(person: String) -> String {
    let greeting = "Hello, " + person + "!"
    return greeting
}

rint(greet(person: "Anna"))
// Prints "Hello, Anna!"
print(greet(person: "Brian"))
// Prints "Hello, Brian!"

Function Parameters and Return Values

Functions Without Parameters

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func sayHelloWorld() -> String {
    return "hello, world"
}
print(sayHelloWorld())
// Prints "hello, world"

Functions With Multiple Parameters

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func greet(person: String, alreadyGreeted: Bool) -> String {
    if alreadyGreeted {
        return greetAgain(person: person)
    } else {
        return greet(person: person)
    }
}
print(greet(person: "Tim", alreadyGreeted: true))
// Prints "Hello again, Tim!"

Functions Without Return Values

Functions without a defined return type return a special value of type Void. This is simply an empty tuple, which is written as ().

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func greet(person: String) {
    print("Hello, \(person)!")
}
greet(person: "Dave")
// Prints "Hello, Dave!"

The return value of a function can be ignored when it is called:

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func printAndCount(string: String) -> Int {
    print(string)
    return string.characters.count
}
func printWithoutCounting(string: String) {
    let _ = printAndCount(string: string)
}
printAndCount(string: "hello, world")
// prints "hello, world" and returns a value of 12
printWithoutCounting(string: "hello, world")
// prints "hello, world" but does not return a value

Functions with Multiple Return Values

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func minMax(array: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max: Int) {
    var currentMin = array[0]
    var currentMax = array[0]
    for value in array[1..<array.count] {
        if value < currentMin {
            currentMin = value
        } else if value > currentMax {
            currentMax = value
        }
    }
    return (currentMin, currentMax)
}

let bounds = minMax(array: [8, -6, 2, 109, 3, 71])
print("min is \(bounds.min) and max is \(bounds.max)")
// Prints "min is -6 and max is 109"

Optional Tuple Return Types

An optional tuple type such as (Int, Int)? is different from a tuple that contains optional types such as (Int?, Int?). With an optional tuple type, the entire tuple is optional, not just each individual value within the tuple.

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func minMax(array: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max: Int)? {
    if array.isEmpty { return nil }
    var currentMin = array[0]
    var currentMax = array[0]
    for value in array[1..<array.count] {
        if value < currentMin {
            currentMin = value
        } else if value > currentMax {
            currentMax = value
        }
    }
    return (currentMin, currentMax)
}

if let bounds = minMax(array: [8, -6, 2, 109, 3, 71]) {
    print("min is \(bounds.min) and max is \(bounds.max)")
}
// Prints "min is -6 and max is 109"

Function Argument Labels and Parameter Names

  • Each function parameter has both an argument label and a parameter name.
  • By default, parameters use their parameter name as their argument label.
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func someFunction(firstParameterName: Int, secondParameterName: Int) {
    // In the function body, firstParameterName and secondParameterName
    // refer to the argument values for the first and second parameters.
}
someFunction(firstParameterName: 1, secondParameterName: 2)

Specifying Argument Labels

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func greet(person: String, from hometown: String) -> String {
    return "Hello \(person)!  Glad you could visit from \(hometown)."
}
print(greet(person: "Bill", from: "Cupertino"))
// Prints "Hello Bill!  Glad you could visit from Cupertino."

Omitting Argument Labels

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func someFunction(_ firstParameterName: Int, secondParameterName: Int) {
    // In the function body, firstParameterName and secondParameterName
    // refer to the argument values for the first and second parameters.
}
someFunction(1, secondParameterName: 2)

Default Parameter Values

If a default value is defined, you can omit that parameter when calling the function.

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func someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: Int, parameterWithDefault: Int = 12) {
    // If you omit the second argument when calling this function, then
    // the value of parameterWithDefault is 12 inside the function body.
}
someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: 3, parameterWithDefault: 6) 
// parameterWithDefault is 6
someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: 4) 
// parameterWithDefault is 12

Variadic Parameters

  • A function may have at most one variadic parameter.
  • The values passed to a variadic parameter are made available within the function’s body as an array of the appropriate type
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func arithmeticMean(_ numbers: Double...) -> Double {
    var total: Double = 0
    for number in numbers {
        total += number
    }
    return total / Double(numbers.count)
}
arithmeticMean(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
// returns 3.0, which is the arithmetic mean of these five numbers
arithmeticMean(3, 8.25, 18.75)
// returns 10.0, which is the arithmetic mean of these three numbers

In-Out Parameters

  • Function parameters are constants by default
  • In-out parameters cannot have default values, and variadic parameters cannot be marked as inout.
  • You can only pass a variable as the argument for an in-out parameter.
  • You place an ampersand (&) directly before a variable’s name when you pass it as an argument to an in-out parameter, to indicate that it can be modified by the function.
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func swapTwoInts(_ a: inout Int, _ b: inout Int) {
    let temporaryA = a
    a = b
    b = temporaryA
}

var someInt = 3
var anotherInt = 107
swapTwoInts(&someInt, &anotherInt)
print("someInt is now \(someInt), and anotherInt is now \(anotherInt)")
// Prints "someInt is now 107, and anotherInt is now 3"

Function Types

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// The type of both of these functions is (Int, Int) -> Int
func multiplyTwoInts(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int {
    return a * b
}

// () -> Void
func printHelloWorld() {
    print("hello, world")
}

Using Function Types

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func addTwoInts(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int {
    return a + b
}

func multiplyTwoInts(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int {
    return a * b
}

var mathFunction: (Int, Int) -> Int = addTwoInts

print("Result: \(mathFunction(2, 3))")
// Prints "Result: 5"

mathFunction = multiplyTwoInts
print("Result: \(mathFunction(2, 3))")
// Prints "Result: 6"

let anotherMathFunction = addTwoInts
// anotherMathFunction is inferred to be of type (Int, Int) -> Int

Function Types as Parameter Types

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func printMathResult(_ mathFunction: (Int, Int) -> Int, _ a: Int, _ b: Int) {
    print("Result: \(mathFunction(a, b))")
}
printMathResult(addTwoInts, 3, 5)
// Prints "Result: 8"

Function Types as Return Types

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func stepForward(_ input: Int) -> Int {
    return input + 1
}
func stepBackward(_ input: Int) -> Int {
    return input - 1
}

func chooseStepFunction(backward: Bool) -> (Int) -> Int {
    return backward ? stepBackward : stepForward
}

var currentValue = 3
let moveNearerToZero = chooseStepFunction(backward: currentValue > 0)
// moveNearerToZero now refers to the stepBackward() function

print("Counting to zero:")
// Counting to zero:
while currentValue != 0 {
    print("\(currentValue)... ")
    currentValue = moveNearerToZero(currentValue)
}
print("zero!")
// 3...
// 2...
// 1...
// zero!

Nested Functions

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func chooseStepFunction(backward: Bool) -> (Int) -> Int {
    func stepForward(input: Int) -> Int { return input + 1 }
    func stepBackward(input: Int) -> Int { return input - 1 }
    return backward ? stepBackward : stepForward
}
var currentValue = -4
let moveNearerToZero = chooseStepFunction(backward: currentValue > 0)
// moveNearerToZero now refers to the nested stepForward() function
while currentValue != 0 {
    print("\(currentValue)... ")
    currentValue = moveNearerToZero(currentValue)
}
print("zero!")
// -4...
// -3...
// -2...
// -1...
// zero!